DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA Y MEJORAMIENTO DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants and improvement of medicinal herbs:

In this study, a novel repetitive sequence pTaq10 was isolated from the Taq I digest of the genomic DNA of the pseudocereal Chenopodium quinoa. Sequence analysis indicated that this 286-bp monomer is not homologous to any known retroelement sequence. FISH and Southern blot analysis showed that this sequence is characterized by an interspersed genomic organization. After FISH, hybridization signals were observed as small dots spread throughout all of the chromosomes. pTaq hybridization signals were excluded from 45S rRNA gene loci, but they partly overlapped with 5S rDNA loci. pTaq10 is not a species-specific sequence, as it was also detected in C. berlandieri.

ÚLTIMOS AVANCES EN LA QUÍMICA Y ACTIVIDADES BACTERIOLÓGICAS EN LAS PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants, last advances on chemistry and bacteria activities on the medicinal herbs

1) The filmogenic solns. (FS) composed of quinoa starch (4.0 g/100 mL) were prepd., contg. various concns. of glycerol (GC; 16.6-33.4 g glycerol/100 g of quinoa starch, dry wt. basis) and alk. pH values (9.7-11.3).  To obtain quinoa starch films (QSF), the FS were dried using different temp./time combinations (T °C/h) denoted as the drying conditions (DC; 30 °C/20 h-50 °C/5 h).  The influence of GC, pH and DC on the mech. properties and soly. of QSF was evaluated using response surface methodol. (RSM).  According to the statistical analyses, the optimized conditions corresponded to 21.2 g of glycerol/100 g of quinoa starch, a pH value of 10.7 and 36 °C/14 h for the DC.  The films produced under these conditions exhibited superior mech. properties (7.05 ± 0.37 N puncture force, 7.56 ± 0.95 MPa tensile strength, and 58.14% ± 3.16 elongation at break), low soly. (15.9%), and optimal barrier properties (WVP of 0.204 ± 0.012 g mm m-2 h-1 kPa-1 and oxygen permeability of 4.34 ± 1.03 cm3 mm m-2 d-1 kPa).

2) Genetic relationships in 55 accessions belonging to 14 species of Chenopodium have been studied by RAPD and DAMD markers.  A UPGMA dendrogram based on 242 DNA markers divided the taxa into two main clusters.  The first cluster joins all the accessions of Chenopodium quinoa with Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae, one Chenopodium album (4x) from Mexico and three north Indian 2x accessions of C. album.  The other clusters comprises mainly 6x accessions of C. album and Chenopodium giganteum forming two subclusters.  This clearly shows that C. album complex is a heterogenous assemblage and its taxonomic affinities need reassessment.  Other wild species placed in the dendrogram are more or less according to their taxonomic position.

3) A review.  Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), which is considered a pseudocereal or pseudograin, has been recognized as a complete food due to its protein quality.  It has remarkable nutritional properties; not only from its protein content (15%) but also from its great amino acid balance.  It is an important source of minerals and vitamins, and has also been found to contain compds. like polyphenols, phytosterols, and flavonoids with possible nutraceutical benefits.  It has some functional (technol.) properties like soly., water-holding capacity (WHC), gelation, emulsifying, and foaming that allow diversified uses.  Besides, it has been considered an oil crop, with an interesting proportion of omega-6 and a notable vitamin E content.  Quinoa starch has physicochem. properties (such as viscosity, freeze stability) which give it functional properties with novel uses.  Quinoa has a high nutritional value and has recently been used as a novel functional food because of all these properties; it is a promising alternative cultivar.

PARTE UTILIZADA= Used part: Semilla.

ACCIÓN FARMACOLÓGICA= Pharmacological action: Sudorífico, excitante y anticatarral.

COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA= Chemical composition: Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is a valuable food source which has gained importance in many countries of the world. The plant contains various bitter-tasting saponins which present an important antinutritional factor. Various triterpene saponins have been reported in C. quinoa including both monodesmosidic and bidesmosidic triterpene saponins of oleanolic acid, hederagenin, phytolaccagenic acid, and serjanic acid as the major aglycones and other aglycones as 3beta-hydroxy-23-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3beta;-hydroxy-27-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid, and 3beta, 23alpha;, 30beta-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid. A tridesmosidic saponin of hederagenin has also been reported. Here we review the occurrence, analysis, chemical structures, and biological activity of triterpene saponins of C. quinoa. In particular, the mode of action of the mono- and bidesmosidic triterpene saponins and aglycones are discussed. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

ZONA GEOGRÁFICA= Geografical zone: Argentina. 

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Hierba, Andina

Uso: Intestinos (limpieza), Estómago (limpieza) / Semillas, fresco / Tópico / 5g seco o 5g en 1 litro de agua mezclado con Chocón, una vez al mes como enema. Suplemento nutritivo / Semillas, fresco o seco / Oral / A 1 litro de agua añadir 150g de Quinua y hervir por 10 minutos o hasta grano esta suave. Añadir un pedacito de canela y manzana. Tomar 1 taza 1-2 veces por día como se necesita.

1) TOURSARKISSIAN, Martín. Plantas medicinales de Argentina : sus nombres botánicos, vulgares, usos y distribución geográfica. Buenos Aires : Hemisferio Sur, 1980, p.49.

2) KULJANABHAGAVADK, T.; WINK, M. Biological activities and chemistry of saponins from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2009, p.1-18 .
 
3) KOLANO, B., et al. Chromosomal localization of a novel repetitive sequence in the Chenopodium quinoa genome. Journal of Applied Genetics. 2008, vol.49, nº4, p.313-320.
 
4) ARAUJO-FARRO, Patricia C., et al. Development of films based on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willdenow) starch.  Carbohydrate Polymers. 2010, vol.81, nº4, p.839-848.
 
5) RANA, T. S.; NARZARY, Diganta; OHRI, Deepak. Genetic diversity and relationships among some wild and cultivated species of Chenopodium L. (Amaranthaceae) using RAPD and DAMD methods. Current Science. 2010, vol.98, nº6, p.840-846.
 
6) ABUGOCH JAMES, Lilian E.  Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): composition, chemistry, nutritional, and functional properties.  Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 2009, vol.58, nº, p.1-31.

7) Lista de plantas/Bussmann, Rainer W; Sharon, Douglas. Graphicart, 2015 .-- p. 75 - 239.