Origins: Deep, cool, moist, deciduous woodland slopes; rich woods.

Uses: This plant is extremely poisonous. It is a source of morphine, and improper use should be avoided. The drug is an emetic, laxative, and emmenagogue; and because of its expectorant qualities, it has been used to treat chronic bronchitis. The plant is used both as a pain reliever and a sedative. When combined with oak bark, the roots give a red dye.

A guide to medicinal plants of  Appalachia/ Krochmal, Arnold; Walter, Russel S.; Doughty, Richard M.: USA: U.S.D.A Forest Service:,1959