Range. Eastern Asia: Himalayas from Afghanistan to western China. In Myanmar, found in Ayeyarwady, Bago, Chin, Kayah, Mandalay, Sagaing, Shan, Taninthayi, and Yangon.

Uses
Whole plant: Used to treat bronchitis, asthma, dyspepsia, and jaundice. Headaches can be cured by brushing the forehead with the liquid from crushing all plant parts with a bit of pepper. The liquid can also be mixed  with honey to cure coughs in children. The liquid from the plant boiled with one or two cloves will bring down fever. For jaundice and inability to produce semen, the plant can be utilized in several ways such as being boiled and taken; the liquid from crushing the plant taken; the root made into a paste or crushed and taken; the leaves, flowers and fruits eaten with a fish sauce dip, in a salad, or cooked.

Leaf: Liquid from crushed leaves taken orally or poured into the nose will neutralize snake bite venom and cause its effects to wane. A little bit of the liquid from crushing the leaves mixed with peik-chin (Piper longum) fruit powder can be taken to cure inflammation of joints, tendons and liga­ments. Use juice from crushed leaves as an ointment to cure itching.

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Origin:

Throughout the greater part of India, as a weed, ascending up to 1,800 m in the Himalayas.

Action:

Plant—stimulant, diaphoretic, antiseptic (fresh juice is used in scabies), insecticidal.

Flowers— a syrup is used as a domestic remedy for coughs and colds.

Dry leaves along with tobacco (1 : 3) are smoked to treat bleeding as well as itching piles.

1) DeFilipps, Robert A.; Krupnick, Gary A. / PhytoKeys, v. 102. - - p. 1 - 314,  2018.

2) Khare, C.P./ Indian Medicinal Plants. -- Nueva Dheli: Springer, 2007 . - p376.