DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA Y MEJORAMIENTO DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants and improvement of medicinal herbs:

A cDNA clone, designated Sd-racrop (969 bp), was isolated from seedlings of Scoparia dulcis. This gene contains an open reading frame encoding the protein of 197 amino acid residues with high homology to Rac/Rop small guanosine 5′-triphosphate-binding proteins from various plant sources. In Southern hybridization analysis, the restriction digests prepared from genomic DNA of S. dulcis showed a main signal together with a few weakly hybridized bands. The transcriptional level of Sd-racrop showed a transient decrease by exposure of the leaf tissues of S. dulcis to the ethylene-generating reagent 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid. However, an appreciable increase in gene expression was reproducibly observed upon treatment of the plant with methyl jasmonate. These results suggest that the Sd-racrop product plays roles in ethylene- and methyl jasmonate-induced responses of S. dulcis accompanying the change in the transcriptional level, however, the cellular events mediated by this protein toward these external stimuli would be regulated by various mechanisms. © 2009 Pharmaceutical Society of Japan.

PARTE UTILIZADA= Used part: Hojas, corteza y raiz.

ACCIÓN FARMACOLÓGICA= Pharmacological action: Antihemorroidal.

COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA= Chemical composition: Se ha reportado la presencia de un compuesto antidiabético, amellina, en las hojas y tallos de la planta fresca. La administración oral de este compuesto se ha reportado que alivia los síntomas de glicosuria, reduce hiperglicemia, aumenta la cuenta de glóbulos rojos. Se ha encontrado útil en anemia, albuminuria, cetonuria, rinitis y otras complicaciones asociadas con la diabetes (CA 43:367). Los compuestos químicos reportados amellina; aceite viscoso, del cual se han separado, dulcinol, scoparol, (+)-mannitol y la glucosa. Los ácidos grasos en el aceite fijo son: ácido esteárico, mirístico y linolénico. El material no saponificable contiene, triacontano, dulciol, beta-sitosterol, y dulcilona. Las raíces contienen, manitol, taninos y un compuesto complejo órganofosforilado, un alcaloide desconocido en trazas, y un trterpeno (Hegnauer, 1973). Además se reportan los siguientes compuestos en diferentes partes de esta planta: acacetina, alfa-amirina, apigenina, benzoxazolinona, ácido betulínico, coixol, 7-0-beta-D-glucurónido de friedelina, himenoxinas, ácidos gentísico, ifflaiónico, scopadúlcico A, B y C, scopárico, dulcinoico; scoparinol; scutellareína, vicenina y vitexina.

ZONA GEOGRÁFICA= Geografical zone: Argentina. 

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Distribución
Maleza pantropical. En Perú se encuentra en Amazonas, Cajamarca. Cuzco, Huánuco, La Libertad, Loreto, Madre de Dios, San Martín.

Usos
Planta entera (sin raíz)
Procesos respiratorios y fiebres: se trituran tres o cuatro plantas, más una de verbena; se añade el jugo de un limón grande y se exprime todo en un tazón, agregando luego una cucharadita de aceite comestible. Se toma una cucharada al día, durante tres o cuatro días.

Hojas
Cólico biliar: tomar el jugo de las hojas licuadas.
Hemorroides: infusión de las hojas en baños de asiento.
Heridas: se hacen lavados externos en la zona afectada, con el cocimiento de las hojas.

Toxicidad:
Puede ocasionar vómitos y mareos.

Leaf, root, whole plant: belly pain, childbirth, cough, fever, headache, itch, labor, leaf tea drunk for diarrhea, poulstice for headache or wounds, whole plant tea drunk for "infection of liver," to "clean the blood, kidney, the whole system"

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Uses: injuries, bone fracture.                                                 

Origin: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Caribbean, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Madagascar, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, South Africa, Suriname, United States, Venezuela.         

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Whole plant: Dried for a blood-purifying tea in order to reduce blood sugar levels. Decoction is drunk to treat dizziness [Kvist 167, coll. 1987, Guyana (US)]. Infusion mixed with manioc and milk is used in French Guiana to treat infants' vomiting. For jaundice and boils it is often mixed in an infusion with Tripogandra serrulata, Persea americana and Senna alata. Decoction for children's fever, thrush and mouth sores. Macerated in an infusion or strong decoction for inducing children's vomiting and as an emetic to relieve stomach pain. Used to treat gonorrhoea sores in 18th century French Guiana. Cooked in water and drunk to control bile. Used in treatment of biliousness, as a laxative, for malaria, sores, venereal disease, and for coughs and colds in NW Guyana. Plant is boiled, and the water drunk as an anti-asthmatic, as an anti-pyretic, as a treatment for back pain, or as a remedy for influenza, for colds and coughing, by the Guyana Patamona. Macerated plant in water is used for an herbal bath, by the Guyana Patamona.

Root:
Cooked in water which is drunk for a cough remedy.

Stem:
Bark decoction used for treating fever in Guyana.

Stem and Leaf: Juice, or a decoction of the leafy branches, when mixed with mother's milk is used as an antivomitive for nursing infants; infusion of aerial parts drunk as a tea for migraine headache or as a purgative; decoction for febrifuge, dizziness, or wash for headache; plaster for violent and persistent head pain. Infusion for jaundice in mothers of newborn.

Leaf: Cooked with root of Senna alata for use as an antifilarial. Decocted with leaves of Eleusine indica for dysentery. Leaf infusion for an antiblennorrhagic, migraine or a purgative; in a bath for skin eruptions such as heat rash. Leaves and dried branches are mixed with Nicotiana tabacum and smoked to relieve sinusitis, and also used in a maceration with leaves of Quararibea turbinata and alcohol for sinusitis. Leaf-juice for coughs, mouth sores, inflammation of gums. Leaves are an ingredient in a bitter tea used to cleanse the blood and skin, and for biliousness. Macerated and applied to treat thrush, sores and ulcers. Macerated and applied to treat thrush, sores and ulcers. Juice from macerated leaves is used as an antibiotic eye-drop, by the Guyana Patamona. Leaves are boiled and the water used as an eye wash for infected eyes or as a tonic, by the Guyana Patamona.

Warning
CHEM:Contains the toxic alkaloid scoparine

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Range. Pantropical to subtropical. In Myanmar, found in Bago, Chin, Mandalay, Taninthayi, and Yangon.

Uses
Whole plant: Used to treat toothaches; dried and used as a herbal tea to treat blood in urine; crushed and mixed with salt, and applied to sores to aid in healing. Drug prepared from this plant is used in the treatment of diabetes.

Leaf: Used to treat fevers and nausea.

Root: Used for excessive menstruation and gonorrhea, also to treat nausea and dizzy spells. Raw root crushed and pressed on tooth for toothaches.
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Origin

Indigenous to tropical America; introduced into India, commonly found as a weed in Bengal and Tamil Nadu, and in many parts of India.

Action:

Plant—decoction is used for gravel and other renal affections.

Leaves—infusion used in fever, cough and bronchitis.

Root— febrifuge.

Stem and leaves—used in anemia, albuminaria, ketonuria and other complications associated with diabetes mellitus.

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Origin
“Cariri Paraibano”, Brazil
Medicinal indication
- Against amenorrheas and as vermifuge: Entire plant
- As anti-diabetic: Roots

1) TOURSARKISSIAN, Martín. Plantas medicinales de Argentina : sus nombres botánicos, vulgares, usos y distribución geográfica. Buenos Aires : Hemisferio Sur, 1980, p.120.

2) 270 (doscientos setenta) plantas medicinales iberoamericanas. Santiago de Bogotá : CYTED-SECAB, 1995, p.508-511.

3) MITAMURA, T., et al. Cloning and characterization of a gene encoding Rac/Rop-like monomeric guanosine 5´-triphosphate-binding protein from Scoparia dulcis. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2009, vol.32, nº6, p.1122-1125.

4) Barret, Bruce Economic Botany vol. 48, nro. 1 .-- p. 8-20 1994

5) Geraldini , Isanete, Journal of Ethnopharmacology v. 173, 2015 . -- p. 383-423

5) Robertt, A., et al.. Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Suriname, French Guyana)/Smithsonian NMNH. cited online: 17-08-2017

6) Mejía, Kember; Rengifo, Eisa /Plantas medicinales de uso popular en la Amazonía Peruana.-- Lima : Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional, 2000. -- p. 286

7) DeFilipps, Robert A.; Krupnick, Gary A. / PhytoKeys, v. 102. - - p. 1 - 314,  2018.

8) Khare, C.P./ Indian Medicinal Plants. -- Nueva Dheli: Springer, 2007 . - p 593.

9) M.F. Agra; et al/ Medicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of “Cariri Paraibano”, Brazil/ Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2007), p. 392.