PARTE UTILIZADA= Used part: Hojas. 

ACCIÓN FARMACOLÓGICA= Pharmacological action: Pectoral. 

COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA= Chemical composition: Mikania micrantba H. B. K. (Compositae, tribe Eupatoriae) is chemically a variable species. Two collections from the Canal Zone (Panama) yielded mikanolide 111 and dihydromikanolide 151 (l), while a third collection from the same region gave the guaianolide mikanokryptin (1,2). Recently, mikanolide 111, deoxymikanolide 121, miscandenin, and three melampolides were isolated from material collected in Paraguay (3). As part of a study of Argentine Compositae we report here the chemical composition of M . micrantba collected in Tucuman, Argentina. Mikanolide 111, deoxymikanolide 121, scandenolide 131, dihydroscandenolide 141, dihydromikanolide 157, and the previously unreported dilactone anhydroscandenolide 161' were identified in the CHCI, extract of this material. The hexane extract contained lupeol, a-amyrin, stigmasterol, and sitosterol. Compounds 1-5 were first isolated from Mikania scandens ( 5 ) . The 'H nmr of 6 (4) was similar to that of mikanolide 11 1 R,R,=epoxy R,=H 2 R,=R,=R3=H 3 R,=R,=H R,=OAc 'After submission of this manuscript we learned that dilactone 6 has also been isolated from Mikania urtirifolia by Gutierrez et al. (4). 111 except that it included two additional vinylic protons at 6 6.5 1 and 6.13 (CD,CI,) replacing the signals corresponding to H-2 and H-3 in the spectrum of 1. The 13C-nmr spectrum also supported the structure of 6. The assignments are shown in Table 1. The previously unreported 13C-nmr data of 1-5 are included for comparison (Table 1). 

ZONA GEOGRÁFICA= Geografical zone: Uruguay. 

DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA Y MEJORAMIENTO DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants and improvement of medicinal herbs

Genetic changes after introduction may contribute to the success of invasive plants. The objective here was to measure genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in Mikania micrantha in order to assess its invasive prospects. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to analyze genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in eight populations of M. micrantha. The 12 ISSR primers used in this study produced 171 loci, of which 103 were polymorphic. At the species level, the percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 60.23%, Shannon's information index (I) was 0.2818 and Nei's gene diversity (h) was 0.1849, indicating high genetic diversity in M. micrantha. Anal. of mol. variance (AMOVA) revealed that a high proportion (36.49%) of the total genetic variation was partitioned among populations, suggesting significant genetic differentiations among the eight populations of M. micrantha. The gene differentiation coeff. (GST) among populations was 0.3524, and gene flow among populations was 0.9187. Av. genetic similarity of the eight populations was 0.9155, while av. genetic distance was 0. 0884. Using unweighted pair group method arithmetic av. (UPGMA), the eight populations were clustered into two groups. The two populations on Neilingding Island were one group and the other six from mainland China were the other. 

ÚLTIMOS AVANCES EN LA QUÍMICA Y ACTIVIDADES BACTERIOLÓGICAS EN LAS PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants, last advances on chemistry and bacteria activities on the medicinal herbs

1) Phytochem. investigation of the dried aerial parts of Mikania micrantha led to the isolation of a new sesquiterpene, 3beta-acetoxy-1,10-epoxy-4-germacrene-12,8;15,6-diolide (I), along with six known constituents: 1,10-epoxy-4-germacrene-12,8;15,6-diolide (2), dihydromikanolide (3), potassium mikanin 3-sulfate (4), mikanin (5), alpinetin (6), and ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta-ol (7).  Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, and the mol. structures and stereochem. of sesquiterpene lactones 1-3 were revealed by single-crystal X-ray anal.  Compd. 2 showed moderate activity against respiratory syncytial virus (IC50 = 37.4 uM) and parainfluenza type 3 virus (IC50 = 37.4 uM) with a therapeutic index (TI) of 16.0 for both compds.  Compd. 4, the main component of M. micrantha, exhibited inhibitory activity against parainfluenza type 3 virus with IC50 (19.7 uM) and TI (24.0) values comparable to those of ribavirin, serving as a pos. control.

2) The influence of the holoparasite Cuscuta campestris Yuncker on the growth and photosynthesis of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. was studied.  The results indicate that C. campestris infection significantly reduced the light use efficiency and light satn. point of the host.  It significantly reduced the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the 1st and 8th mature leaves of M. micrantha at light satn. point, the apparent quantum yield of the 1st mature leaves, the carboxylation efficiency and CO2 satd. Pn of the 8th mature leaves, but increased the light compensation point of the 1st mature leaves.  Diurnally, it significantly reduced Pn between 08.00 h and 16.00 h and stomatal conductance and transpiration from 10.00 h to 16.00 h for the 8th mature leaves.  Moreover, the significantly adverse effects of C. campestris infection on Pn were obsd. 18 d after parasitization (DAP) for the 4th, 8th and 12th, and 25 DAP for the 1st mature leaves of M. micrantha, and they became greater with infection time.  The infection also significantly reduced the no. of leaves, leaf area, stem length, and biomass, and prevented flowering of M. micrantha in the growing season, and caused almost complete death of the aerial parts of the host about 70 DAP, but the uninfected plants grew and developed normally.  Furthermore, the total biomass of the infected host and the parasite was significantly less than that of the uninfected plants.  Therefore, besides resource capture by C. campestris, the reduced growth of the infected plants must also be due to the neg. effects of the parasite on host photosynthesis.

3) Mikanin, eupalitin, eupafolin, 3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxyflavone 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, luteolin, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid Bu ester, and 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid Bu ester were isolated from the whole plants of Mikania micrantha.  These compds. were identified by interpretation of their spectral (EIMS, ESIMS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and UV) data as well as by comparison of their data with the literature.

Whole plant: Tea for stomachache and to clean out the uterus (dilation and curettage). Boiled with other plants for tonic to reduce malarial fever.

Stem and Leaf: Decoction for a children's clyster. Used to treat malaria and eczema om NW Guyana.

Leaf: Juice for external ulcers and itch. Infusion for snakebite and syphilis; bowels; cholagogue. Leaf in liquid mixture for children's anal thrush, and placed in hot water bath for women after confinement for pregnancy. Decoction for a febrifuge bath; in a diuretic tea. Infusion used for washing rashes, skin eruptions and smallpox in Surinam. Leaves are boiled, and the water drunk as an anti-menorrhagic, by the Guyana Patamona. Leaves are boiled, and the water used for washing the skin as a treatment for chicken pox or for measles, by the Guyana Patamona. Juice from macerated leaves is applied to persistent sores and “bush-yaws”, by the Guyana Patamona. Macerated leaves are vigorously rubbed on skin as a treatment for rashes, by the Guyana Patamona.

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Origin
Mizoram, Northeast India
Parts used
Leaf
Ailments
Ringworm, boils, wart

1)GONZALEZ, Matías ; LOMBARDO, Atilio ; VALLARINO, Aida.  Plantas de la medicina vulgar del Uruguay. Montevideo : Talleres Gráficos, 1937.

2) CUENCA, M. DEL R.; BARDON, A. ; CATALAN, Cesar A.N. Sesquiterpene lactones from Mikania micrantha. Journal of Natural Products. 1988,vol.51, nº3, p.625-626.
 
3) LI, Jun-Min; DONG, Ming; ZHONG, Zhang-Cheng. Population genetic differentiations in the invasive plant Mikania micrantha in China. Zhiwu Shengtai Xuebao. 2007, vol.31, nº4, p.680-688.
 
4) BUT, Paul Pui-Hay;et al. Antiviral constituents against respiratory viruses from Mikania micrantha. Journal of Natural Products. 2009, vol.72, nº5, p.925-928.
 
5) SHEN, Hao; et al.  The influence of the holoparasitic plant Cuscuta campestris on the growth and photosynthesis of its host Mikania micrantha. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2007, vol.58, nº11, p.2929-2937.
 
6) WEI, Xiaoyi; et al. Phenolic constituents from Mikania micrantha. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 2004, vol.32, nº11, p.1091-1096.

7) Robertt, A., et al.. Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Suriname, French Guyana)/Smithsonian NMNH. cited online: 17-08-2017.

8) Birla Kshetrimayum/ Medicinal Plants and Its Therapeutic Uses/ USA: OMICS Group eBooks, 2017. p. 29