DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA Y MEJORAMIENTO DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants and improvement of medicinal herbs

Bidens pilosa L. is a plant producing barbed fruits which, due to its method of seed dispersal, is commonly found during forensic investigations. In Taiwan there are three varieties of the species, radiata, minor and pilosa. Fragments of these three varieties are difficult to differentiate by traditional morphological characteristics and until now little is known of their genetic composition. To discover genetic polymorphisms among these varieties, five loci within the nuclear and chloroplast genomes were screened. A total of 161 specimens were used in this study comprising different geographical populations. Seven samples of Bidens biternata were included as an out-group control. DNA fragments of all samples at the trnL intron and trnL-trnF IGS loci of the chloroplast genome, internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) were amplified and sequenced. There were 3, 4, 20, 12 and 9 sequence types at these five loci, respectively. The sequence types for any locus of trnL intron, ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S were found to be useful markers to identify Bidens biternata and B. pilosa. The resulting 84 haplotypes at the 5 loci could differentiate the var. radiata from the varieties of B. pilosa with only the exception of 1 type. The genetic polymorphisms can be used when comparing botanical remains to identify the variety of B. pilosa present at a crime scene. © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 

Últimos Avances notas Bibliográficas= Medicinal plants, last advances on chemistry and bacteria activities on the medicinal herbs

1) A review.  Bidens pilosa L., a common plant of the Bidens genus of Asteraceae family, is an erect perennial herb found across the world.  It is utilized as vegetables, teas and herbal medicines in Africa, America and Asia.  Its leaves, stems, flowers, roots or whole plants are used for food ingredients or medicines.  B. pilosa, alone or together with other herbs, is used as folk medicines to cure a wide range of diseases.  Pharmacol. research conducted on its chem. constituents and mechanisms of action may provide valuable leads in drug development against various diseases.  B. pilosa has some advantages over other medicinal herbs for medicinal purpose because it is easy to grow, edible (not noxious), and palatable.  It is used as health food supplements in Taiwan and other countries in Asia and America.  However, patients who use it for medicinal purposes should consult qualified healthcare professionals.

2) An endophytic fungus (Botryosphaeria rhodina) was isolated from the stems of the medicinal plant Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) that is known for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and antifungal effects.  The Et acetate ext. of the fungal isolate exhibits significant antifungal activity as well as potent cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects against several cancer cell lines.  Activity-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of a complex of four depsidones, botryorhodines A-D and the auxin indole carboxylic acid.  Botryorhodine A and B show moderate to weak cytotoxic activities against HeLa cell lines with a CC50 of 96.97 mM and 36.41 mM, resp.  In addn., they also show antifungal activity against a range of pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus terreus (MIC 26.03 mM for botryorhodine A and 49.70 mM for B) and the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (MIC 191.60 mM for botryorhodine A and 238.80 mM for B).  A potential role of the endophyte in modulating fungal populations living within or attacking the host plant is discussed.

3) Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata (BPR), B. pilosa L. var. pilosa (BPP), and B. pilosa L. var. minor (BPM) are common variants of a plant often used as a folk remedy for diabetes in Taiwan.  However, the three variants are often misidentified and little is known about their relative anti-diabetic efficacy and chem. compn.  In this paper, the authors have first developed a method based on GC-MS and cluster anal. with visualization to assist in rapidly detg. the taxonomy of these three Bidens variants.  GC-MS was used to det. the chem. compns. of supercrit. exts., and differences and similarities in the variants were detd. by hierarchical cluster anal.  Next, the HPLC profiles of the methanol crude exts. in the Bidens plants and evaluated anti-diabetic effects of methanol crude exts. were compared, as well as three polyacetylenic compds. of the Bidens plants using db/db mice.  Single-dose and long-term expts. showed that the BPR ext. had higher glucose-lowering and insulin-releasing activities than exts. from the other two variants, and that cytopiloyne was the most effective pure compd. among the three polyacetylenic compds.  BPR ext. and cytopiloyne also significantly reduced the percentage of the glycosylated Hb A1c in db/db mice.  Besides, both animal studies and HPLC anal. demonstrated a good correlation between anti-diabetic efficacy of the Bidens exts. and the particular polyacetylenes present.

Patente extraída del Chemical Abstracts= Extracted patent of the Database Chemical Abstracts

Butanol extract of Bidens pilosa.      Yang, Wen-Chin; Chang, Shu-Lin; Chang, Lee-Tian; Chiang, Yi-Ming; Shyur, Lie-Fen.  (Academia Sinica, Taiwan).    U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ.  (2007),     6pp.  CODEN: USXXCO  US  2007053998  A1  20070308  Patent  written in English.    Application: US  2005-219503  20050902.  Priority: .  CAN 146:280828    AN 2007:259502    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2010 ACS on SciFinder (R))  

A compd. extd. from Bidens pilosa is disclosed.  Also disclosed is use of the compd. to inhibit Th1 differentiation, promote Th2 differentiation, and treat certain disorders.

PARTE UTILIZADA= Used part: Toda la planta. 

ACCIÓN FARMACOLÓGICA= Pharmacological action: Antiictérico, antibactérico. 

POSOLOGÍA= Posology:: Esta planta se utiliza en la medicina tradicional cubana para tratar las amigdalitis y aftas bucales en gargarismos con la decocción de las hojas o masticando las mismas. La infusión de las hojas es utilizada en las anginas y afecciones renales. La decocción o jugo de las hojas es muy utilizada para el tratamiento de las úlceras gastroduodenales. 

COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA= Chemical composition: En un tamizaje fitoquímico realizado por Rondina & Coussio (1969) se detectó la presencia de aminas, esteroles y triterpenos en las hojas y ramas (Robaina, et al., 1985) También han sido aislados de esta planta flavonoides, compuestos poliacetilénicos y chalconas. En las hojas de esta planta existen depósitos de sílica. Los compuestos específicos reportados son: hepta-2,4,6-triino-7-fenilo (fenilheptatriino), okanina-3`glucósido, okanina-3`-0-beta-D-glucósido, quercetina 3-0-beta-D-glucósido, ácido nicotínico, compuestos poliacetilenos, ácido tánico, hidrocarburos C28 a C33, y fitosterina B(II), ácido p-cumárico, y glicósidos de aurona. 

ZONA GEOGRÁFICA= Geografical zone: cosmopolita. 

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Hojas, tallos: Afecciones de la garganta y boca.

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Origen: Bidens pilosa L. es una especie cosmopolita ampliamente distribuida en los trópicos y subtrópicos (ARISTEGUIETA, 1964; D’ARCY, 1975). Esta planta crece en las Antillas, en la América tropical continental y en los trópicos del Viejo Mundo. Existe en Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Panamá, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Perú, Venezuela y Puerto Rico. En África en Burundi, Camerún, Kenia, Madagascar, Tanzania y Zambia. También en las Filipinas. En Panamá se encuentra distribuida en Bocas Del Toro, Chiriquí, Coclé, Panamá y área del Canal (CORREA, et al, 2004).

Usos etnomédicos y modo de empleo:
En Panamá esta especie se usa para los resfriados, irritación interna y reumatismo. La planta tierna se lava bien y se coloca sobre una hoja de guineo, la cual se cuece sobre las brasas y luego se frota la espalda del paciente. Después, se pone un papel periódico en la espalda para mantener el calor y se mantiene el paciente bien abrigado. En Darién, Panamá, DUKE en 1972 informó sobre el uso de las flores de esta planta cocidas con azúcar, las cuales se toman para resfriados. Baños con la infusión caliente sirven para aliviar reumatismo. GUPTA, et al, en 1996 señalaron que las raíces secas en Panamá, son usadas para tumores de la próstata, para fríos comunes, como antirreumático y para problemas intestinales. RAHALISON ET AL., en 1993 describieron que las partes aéreas secas de esta especie en Panamá son usadas por su actividad antifúngica contra Cladosporium cucumericum y actividad antilevadura contra Candida albicans. HATTORI, et al, en 1995 señalaron que las partes aéreas secas de esta planta en Panamá se utilizan por su actividad citotóxica y antiviral. MARSTON et al, en 1996 registraron la actividad moluscicida de las partes aéreas secas de la plantas.
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Distribución
Cosmopolita. Aparentemente nativa de la región del Caribe. Espontánea en Amazonas, Ayacucho, Cajarnarca, Cuzco, Huánuco, Junín, La Libertad, Loreto, San Martín.

Usos
Planta entera
Estimulante del parto y descensos: la planta entera en decocción. El líquido obtenido se deja enfriar. Se toma como agua de tiempo. Infecciones urinarias: se prepara un cocimiento de toda la planta. Tomar una taza tres veces al día.
Para adelgazar: hervir un manojo de la planta en un litro de agua, tomar diariamente pequeñas cantidades por un periodo de 20 días; suspenda el tratamiento por una semana y continúe otros 20 días, prosiga con esos intervalos hasta obtener resultados.

Hojas
Abscesos, Micosis: la planta estrujada se coloca sobre la piel de la zona afectada.
Conjuntivitis: se obtiene el jugo de las hojas, se agrega sal. Se aplica una gotita sobre los ojos.

Planta entera
Hepatitis: decocción de la planta entera. Tomar una taza tres veces sin raíces al día.
Diurético: infusión de las hojas. Tomar como agua de tiempo.
Antiinflamatorio: igual que el anterior.

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Clima:
templado frío. Crece entre los 1.000 y 2.300  metros sobre el nivel del mar
Partes utilizadas:
flores y hojas.
USOS MEDICINALES
Internos:
- Ayuda a disminuir los problemas gástricos.
- Disminuye el colesterol en la sangre.
- Contribuye a aliviar algunas alergias.
Externos:
- Se aplica sobre la piel para combatir la culebrilla o herpes zóste
PRECAUCIONES
No debe tomarse durante la gestación y la lactancia. Las personas que toman medicamentos para la diabetes y la presión arterial, o que sufran enfermedades renales,  deben usarlo con moderación.

Uses: anemia, malaria, jaundice, stomach, liver, hepatitis, hepatitis B, prevents yellowing, bladder                                                 

Origin: Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Caribbean, China, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Madagascar, Mexico, Panama, South Africa, Suriname, United States, Venezuela

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Whole plant: Infusion used to treat diabetes, thrush, the esophagus and stomachache.

Leaf: Sap for treating sores, and as an eyewash for itching and tired eyes.

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Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) is a widespread medicinal herb that can be found in tropical and subtropical regions of America, Africa and Asia. Also known by the English popular name of beggarticks, this species is used in the treatment of several different ailments and diseases. From a pharmacological point of view, important efforts have been done in order to determine the antimicrobial properties of the extract, as well as its capacity to reduce gastric ulcers. Antiinflammatory and hypoglycemic activities may also be of interest in the future. On the other hand, several polyacetylenic compounds have shown to be involved in the hypoglycemic, antimalaric and antitumour activities described.
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Origin:
Throughout India in gardens, waste places and tea plantations.

Action:
Plant—cytotoxic.
Leaf— applied to ulcers and swollen glands.
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Origin

Jamaica

Folk medicinal uses

Sometimes used in Jamaica, when young, as a green vegetable or potherb. It is boiled like calalu, occasionally with lard, and is said to be good for the bowels. Tea is prepared from it and used in the treatment of worms and as a general beverage. The juice of the fresh plant is also used, as in parts of Africa, as a styptic for cuts. It is also used in Africa as a potherb; infusions of the leaf and root for colic; the powdered leaf in water as an enema for abdominal complaints; and the juice as drops for earache and ophthalmia. Steggerda also mentions its use in Jamaica for colds.

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Origin:

Nigeria

Part used

whole plant

Medicinal uses

anaesthetic,easy labour,abdoinnal pains

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Origin:
Northern sector of Kibale National Park, Uganda
Disease treated:
Eye infection, nose bleeding Yellow fever, diarrhoea, fresh wounds, ulcers: FL

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2) 270 (doscientos setenta) plantas medicinales iberoamericanas. Santiago de Bogotá : CYTED-SECAB, 1995, pp.87-93.

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4) 270 (doscientos setenta) plantas medicinales iberoamericanas. Santiago de Bogotá : CYTED-SECAB, 1995, p 88.

5) YOUNG, Paul H.; HSU, Yi-Jou; YANG, Wen-Chin. Bidens pilosa L. and its medicinal use. Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants. 2010, vol.28, p.411-426.
     
6) ABDOU, Randa, et al. Botryorhodines A-D, antifungal and cytotoxic depsidones from Botryosphaeria rhodina, an endophyte of the medicinal plant Bidens pilosa. Phytochemistry. 2010,  vol.71, nº1, p.110-116.
     
7) CHIEN, Shih-Chang, et al. Anti-diabetic properties of three common Bidens pilosa variants in Taiwan. Phytochemistry (Elsevier). 2009, vol.70, nº10, p.1246-1254.

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 17) Abd El-Ghani1, Monier M./ Traditional medicinal plants of Nigeria: an overview: Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2016, 7(5): 220-247. - p. 229.

18) Fundación secretos para contar/ Los secretos de las plantas: 50 plantas medicinales en su huerta. - Medellin: Colombia, 2014. - p. 32.

19) Jane Namukobe; et al. / Traditional plants used for medicinal purposes by local communities around the Northern sector of Kibale National Park, Uganda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011(136) p. 238.