ÚLTIMOS AVANCES EN LA QUÍMICA Y ACTIVIDADES BACTERIOLÓGICAS EN LAS PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants, last advances on chemistry and bacteria activities on the medicinal herbs

1) Achyrocline satureioides is widely used, along Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, in popular medicine.  In this study we compared the total phenolic content, expressed as gallic acid equiv./g (mg of GAE/g of sample), using methanolic exts. of A. satureioides flowers collected in different zones of Argentina.  The exts. were also tested for their antioxidant activity monitoring the bleaching rate of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH).  The polyphenol content, as well as the scavenging activity showed a great variability (23.0-112.6 mg GAE/g and DPPH IC50 447-23.98 mg/mL) depending on the origin of the samples.  Interestingly, the phenolic content correlates with scavenging activity, but the results also indicate that cultivations of this medicinal plant should be necessary in order to assure uniformity and quality.

2) In the present work, the global yield, compn., and antioxidant activities of the exts. from Achyrocline satureioides obtained by different sepn. techniques were evaluated.  Centrifugation, hydrodistn., low pressure solvent extn. (LPSE), Soxhlet, supercrit. fluid extn., and ultrasound processes were used.  The total phenolic compds. and quercetin present in the exts. were quantified.  The antioxidant activity of the exts. was evaluated by the coupled reaction of beta-carotene/linolenic acid.  Higher global yields were obtained by LPSE and Soxhlet.  The anal. indicated the presence of flavonoids in all exts.  The antioxidant activities of the exts. were larger than that of the ref. substance, beta-carotene.

3) Achyrocline satureoides (Compositae; folk name "marcela") is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in the prodn. of herbal drugs in Uruguay.  The main pharmacol. activities of A. satureoides are related to the presence of flavonoids.  The flavonoid HPLC profile is used as a phytochem. marker and the free quercetin content is used for the ext. standardization.  Different methods of plant material extn. (Soxhlet, softening, percolation, decoction, tisane) were compared.  The dry ext. yield, profile of flavonoids, and quantity of free quercetin were dependent on the extn. method used.  The Soxhlet extn. method was the most efficient with 13% yield of free quercetin; the aglycons quercetin, luteolin and 3-O-methylquercetin were the main components.  Among the extn. procedures used, the tisane method gave the lowest content of quercetin.  After simulating stomach conditions at pH 1, the amt. of free quercetin increased up to 50%.  It is proposed to use sample acid hydrolysis in routine anal. of A. satureoides exts. to normalize the quercetin content.

DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA Y MEJORAMIENTO DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants and improvement of medicinal herbs

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytoregulators on in vitro regeneration rate of the medicinal plant Achyrocline satureioides and conduct histol. studies of the response. Node segments were implanted in Murashige and Skoog culture medium, to evaluate the effect of benzyladenine (BA), kinetin, and 2-isopentenyladenine, each at 1mg/L. The histol. examn. showed that the BA-supplemented medium was best to stimulate proliferation and cell differentiation. Rooting occurred only in media with auxin. The percentage of rooted plants was 80-90% and was highest with IAA. 

Patente extraída de Chemical Abstracts= Extracted patent of the Database Chemical Abstracts

Food supplement for treatment and control of respiratory problems.      Gomes, Laudiceu Josue.  (Brazil).    Braz. Pedido PI  (2008),     4pp.  CODEN: BPXXDX  BR  2006002738  A  20080129  Patent  written in Portuguese.    Application: BR  2006-2738  20060607.  Priority: .  CAN 149:541528    AN 2008:1416985    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2010 ACS on SciFinder (R))  

An invention describing a food supplement for treatment and control of respiratory problems.  The formulation has a co-adjuvant function for the treatment of ailments of the respiratory system, contg. 30-40% Achyrocline satureioides and 60-70% pure olive oil.

Uses: calmativa, local pain, diarreah, stomach, liver, intestinal infection, poor digestion.                                                 

Origin: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana,Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

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Parts Used: leaves.                                                                                                    

Uses: digestive, rheumatism.                                                 

Origin: Barzil.       

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Summary
Achyrocline satureioides (Compositae), also known by the common name of marcela, is a widely used South American medicinal herb. Although distributed throughout several regions of South America, its presence is stronger in the Plata River basin. Several medicinal properties have been attributed to this plant, and biological investigations have confirmed in vitro antimicrobial and antiviral activity of the extracts against several strains that affect man. Regarding the effects of marcela on the digestive system, in vivo studies have shown antispasmodic, hepatoprotective (and antioxidant), cholagogue, choleretic, and smooth muscle relaxing effects in the plant, mostly due to the presence of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids. Immunostimulating activity has also been demonstrated for the polysaccharides (heteroglycanes) present in the extracts, together with analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions. This latter activity has been attributed to the presence of the flavonoids. Preliminary studies also suggest anti-diabetic, anti-malaric, and antihypertensive activities for the extracts, although the active principles are still to be determined. Other major chemical components include polysaccharides, sesquiterpenes, polyphenols, the coumarin scoparone and several flavonoids. There is no relevant information indicating toxicity or mutagenicity in this plant.

PARTE UTILIZADA= Used part: Hojas . 

ACCIÓN FARMACOLÓGICA= Pharmacological action: Estomacal, antiespasmódico, emenagogo, colagogo, carminativo, anti-inflamatorio, sedante, hipocolesterolémico, pectoral, antiasmático, antigripal y resfrío. Externamente la infusión se usa como antiinflamatorio y antiséptico. 

POSOLOGÍA= Posology: Internamente se emplea la infusión de las flores y planta entera como estomacal, antiespasmódico, colagogo, carminativo. Infusión al 0,05% (aproximadamente 6-7 glomérulos)

COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA= Chemical composition: Aceite-esencial: 1-8 cineol, cariofileno y óxido de cariofileno, isognafalina, galangina, galangina-3-metiléter, quercetina-3-metiléter, protocatequilcarianina, cafeoilcalerianina, delta-cadineno, ácido cafeico, cariatina, italidipirona, germacreno-D, quercetina, quercetagetina, lauricepirona, alfa-pineno, tamarixetina, y alnustina. En la parte aérea, se registran sesquiterpenos y derivados de la fenilpirona, germacreno-D-3,7-dimetoxi-5-8-dihidroxiflavona,23-meti1-6-0-desmetilauricepirona e italidipirona, morina; en la flor: flavonoides, ácidos polifenólicos, y una sustancia de tipo kawapirona; en la raíz, compuestos acetilénicos. 

ZONA GEOGRÁFICA= Geografical zone: sudeste de América del Sur. 

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Enfermedad o síntoma
Resfrío y congestión

Tos

Parte utilizada
Hoja, tallo y flor

Forma de preparación
Infusión

Modo de administración
Vía oral

Origen
Tucumán, Argentina

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Parte utilizada:
Hojas y ramas con flores.
Propiedades:
Estomáquico, carminativo, antiinflamatorio y sedante. También regula las menstruaciones
Indicaciones:
Estomáquico, carminativo, antiinflamatorio y sedante. También regula las menstruaciones

1) ALONSO PAZ, Eduardo ; BASSAGODA, María Julia ; FERREIRA, Fernando. Yuyos : uso racional de las plantas medicinales . Montevideo : Fin de siglo, 1992, p.69-70.

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9) Geraldini , Isanete, Journal of Ethnopharmacology v. 173, 2015 . -- p. 383-423

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11) Ceballos, Sergio J.; Perea Mario C./ Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, vol 13, no 1, 2014. - p. 47 - 68