PARTE UTILIZADA= Used part: Hojas y corteza.

ACCIÓN FARMACOLÓGICA= Pharmacological action: Expectorante,antitusigeno, astringente, antidiarreico, antipirético y antirreumatico.

POSOLOGÍA= Posology: Infusion; una cucharada dde postre por taza, infundir 10 minutos, 3 tazas al día.Decocción; 30 a 50 g/l. Hervir 10minutos, 2 a 3 tazas al día, o externamente en forma de colutorios, gargarismos o enemas.

COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA= Chemical composition: Abundantes taninos gálicos y elágicos 9 %; flavonoides derivados del quercetol y del kemferol ; .riterpenos: ácido ursólico. Hamamlilosa, resina, pectina, vitamina C 0,2 %; fitosteroles.

ZONA GEOGRÁFICA= Geografical zone: Europa Oriental , Asia Menor y Caucaso

DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA Y MEJORAMIENTO DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants and improvement of medicinal herbs:

A total of 366 novel simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed in Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata), comprising 220 genomic SSRs derived from enriched genomic libraries and 146 expressed sequence tag (EST)-SSRs obtained from large-scale EST sequencing anal.  Thirty accessions, comprising Japanese, Chinese (C. mollissima), European (Castanea sativa), and American chestnuts (Castanea dentata), were used for evaluation of SSR polymorphism and transferability across species.  The EST-SSRs showed less polymorphism than the genomic SSRs and were more transferable.  The mean obsd. heterozygosity (H O) and the mean expected heterozygosity (H E) of genomic SSRs in the Japanese chestnuts were 0.63 and 0.68, resp.; those of EST-SSRs were each 0.47.  Although about 80% of the genomic SSRs were amplified in all 4 species, more than 95% of the EST-SSRs were transferable across all 4 species.  The many novel SSRs developed in this study will be applicable for the construction of genetic linkage maps, QTL anal. of phenotypic traits, high-throughput genotyping of marker-assisted selection, and assocn. genetics.

ÚLTIMOS AVANCES EN LA QUÍMICA Y ACTIVIDADES BACTERIOLÓGICAS EN LAS PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants, last advances on chemistry and bacteria activities on the medicinal herbs
 
1) The concept of thermal modification has evolved from a challenging research program to com. reality in several European countries in recent years.  The aim of this study is to det. the change of various phys. properties (oven-dry d., air-dry d., wt. loss, swelling and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE)), compression strength parallel to grain, color difference (DE), glossiness and surface roughness of narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) and chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) woods after heat treatment under different temps. and durations.  For this study two different temps. (160 °C and 180 °C) and two different durations (2 h and 4 h) were considered.  A stylus method was employed to evaluate the surface characteristics of the samples.  Roughness measurements by the stylus method were made in the direction perpendicular to the fiber.  Four main roughness parameters which are mean arithmetic deviation of profile (R a), mean peak-to-valley height (R z), root mean square roughness (R q), and max. roughness (R y) obtained from the surface of wood were used to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the surface characteristics of the specimens.  The properties studied were significantly different (p = 0.05) at two temps. and two durations of heat treatment.  Based on the findings of this study, the results showed that oven-dry d., air-dry d., swelling, compression strength parallel to grain and surface roughness decreases with increasing heat treatment temp. and time.

2) In this work the total vitamin C contents (ascorbic acid + dehydroascorbic acid) and antioxidant activity of raw and cooked chestnuts was evaluated.  The vitamin C contents of raw chestnuts varied significantly between the different cultivars (cv) studied and it varied from 400 mg/kg dry wt. (cv Lada) to 693 mg/kg dry wt. (cv Martainha).  The different cultivars behave differently during the cooking process concerning the loss of vitamin C.  A significant decrease in the vitamin C content of the chestnuts was obsd., 25-54% for the boiling process and 2-77% for the roasting process.  Boiled and roasted chestnuts can be good sources of vitamin C since it may represent 22.4%, 16.2%, 26.8% and 19.4%, resp., of the recommended dietary intake for an adult man and woman.  The cooking process significantly changed the antioxidant activity of the chestnuts.  A difference was obsd. between the cultivars during the cooking processes, concerning the antioxidant activity.  For the raw chestnuts the variation in vitamin C content of the chestnuts explains 99% of the antioxidant activity variation but for the roasted and boiled chestnuts this percentage significantly decreases to 51% and 88%, resp.  Although a high antioxidant activity is still present in the cooked chestnuts, the cause for this antioxidant activity is less dependent on the vitamin C content of the chestnuts, probably due to the conversion of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid.  The increase in gallic acid during the cooking process, presumably transferred from the peels to the fruit, also contributes to the high antioxidant activity obsd. for the cooked chestnuts.

3) The antioxidant properties of almond green husks (Cvs. Duro Italiano, Ferraduel, Ferranhes, Ferrastar and Orelha de Mula), chestnut skins and chestnut leaves (Cvs. Aveleira, Boa Ventura, Judia and Longal) were evaluated through several chem. and biochem. assays in order to provide a novel strategy to stimulate the application of waste products as new suppliers of useful bioactive compds., namely antioxidants.  All the assayed byproducts revealed good antioxidant properties, with very low EC50 values (lower than 380 mg/mL), particularly for lipid peroxidn. inhibition (lower than 140 mg/mL).  The total phenols and flavonoids contents were also detd.  The correlation between these bioactive compds. and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, inhibition of b-carotene bleaching and inhibition of lipid peroxidn. in pig brain tissue through formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, was also obtained.  Although, all the assayed byproducts proved to have a high potential of application in new antioxidants formulations, chestnut skins and leaves demonstrated better results.

Patente extraída del Chemical Abstracts
 
 Skin care formulations comprising palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7, methylsilanol mannuronate and Lactobacillus ferment.      Burke-Colvin, Dawn; Hines, Michelle; Gan, David.  (Mary Kay Inc., USA).    PCT Int. Appl.  (2011),     60pp.  CODEN: PIXXD2  WO  2011026039  A1  20110303  Designated States W: AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ.  Designated States RW: AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE, IS, IT, LU, MC, MT, NL, NO, PT, SE, SM, TR, BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG.  Patent  written in English.    Application: WO  2010-US47164  20100830.  Priority: US  2009-238001P  20090828.  CAN 154:267907    AN 2011:262443    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2011 ACS on SciFinder (R))  

Disclosed are compns. and methods for treating skin comprising a chem. compatible combination of skin active ingredients comprising palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7, methylsilanol mannuronate, and Lactobacillus ferment, a chem. compatible combination of skin active ingredients comprising plant exts. from Punica granatum, Castanea sativa, Gossypium hirsutum, and Euterpe oleracea, and a dermatol. acceptable vehicle.  The compns. can be substantive in that they can remain on a person's skin during sleep.  Thus, the dermatol. acceptable vehicle comprises at least 50 wt% water, 3 to 10 wt% glycerin, 3 to 10 wt% butylene glycol, 1 to 3 wt% glyceryl stearate, 1 to 5 wt% caprylic/capric triglyceride, and 1 to 5 wt% hydrogenated polydecene.

Origin:
Darjeeling Khasi Hills Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.

Action:
Leaves—astringent, antitussive and febrifuge (used for fevers and diseases of the respiratory tract). An infusion is used as a gargle in pharyngitis, proxysmal coughs, catarrh and whooping cough. Nuts—extract, as platelet inhibitor in thrombosis and atherosclerosis.

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2) NISHIO, Sogo, et al.  Novel genomic and EST-derived SSR markers in Japanese chestnuts. Scientia Horticulturae (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2011, vol.130, nº4, p.838-846.
 
3) KORKUT, Sueleyman, et al. Effect of thermal modification on the properties of narrow-leaved ash and chestnut. Industrial Crops and Products. 2012, vol.35, nº1, p.287-294.
 
4) BARROS, Ana I. R. N. A., et al.  Effect of cooking on total vitamin C contents and antioxidant activity of sweet chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.). Food Chemistry. 2011, vol.128, nº1, p.165-172.
 
5) BARREIRA, J. C. M., et al.  Antioxidant potential of chestnut (Castanea sativa L.) and almond (Prunus dulcis L.) by-products. Food Science and Technology International (London, United Kingdom). 2010, vol.16, nº3, p.209-216.

6) Khare, C.P./ Indian Medicinal Plants. -- Nueva Dheli: Springer, 2007 . - p. 836.