DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA Y MEJORAMIENTO DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants and improvement of medicinal herbs
 
High concns. of 35Cl and the radioisotope 36Cl (produced naturally by cosmic radiation and anthropogenically by U fission and the use of neutron sources) can be problematic in soil, but are potentially amenable to phytoremediation if appropriate plants can be found.  Here, results are reported that might aid the selection of plants with unusually high or low uptake of 36Cl.  A residual max. likelihood anal. was used to est., from 13 expts., relative 36Cl uptake by 106 species across the angiosperm phylogeny.  Nested anal. of variance, coded using a recent angiosperm phylogeny, showed that there were significant inter-species differences in 36Cl uptake and that species behavior was not independent, but linked through their phylogeny.  Eudicots had significantly higher 36Cl uptake than Monocots and related clades and, in particular the Orders Caryophyllales, Apiales, and Cucurbitales had high uptake while the Poales, Liliales, Brassicales, and Fabales had low uptake.  Overall, 35% of the inter-taxa variation in 36Cl was attributed to the taxonomic ranks of Order and above, a significant phylogenetic effect compared with other elements for which similar analyses have been published.  The implications of these findings for selecting plants for phytoremediation of soil contaminated with 35/36Cl are discussed.

ÚLTIMOS AVANCES EN LA QUÍMICA Y ACTIVIDADES BACTERIOLÓGICAS EN LAS PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants, last advances on chemistry and bacteria activities on the medicinal herbs

1) Objective: Coriandrum sativum (Linn.), a glabrous, arom., herbaceous annual plant, is well known for its use in jaundice.  Essential oil, flavonoids, fatty acids, and sterols have been isolated from different parts of C. sativum.  The plant has a very effective antioxidant profile showing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, lipoxygenase inhibition, phospholipid peroxidn. inhibition, iron chelating activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide dismutation, glutathione redn. and antilipid peroxidn. due to its high total phenolic content with the presence of constituents like pyrogallol, caffeic acid, glycitin, etc.  Materials and Methods: This study was aimed at investigating the hepatoprotective activity of C. sativum against carbon tetrachloride (CCI4), with estn. of serum serum glutamyl oxaloacetic acid transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamyl pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaine phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin, and with liver histopathol.  Results: Ethanolic ext. was found to be rich in alkaloids, phenolic compds. and flavonoids, and high performance liq. chromatog. (HPLC) fingerprinting showed the presence of iso-quercetin and quercetin.  C. sativum signifies hepatoprotection by reducing the liver wt., activities of SGOT, SGPT, and ALR, and direct bilirubin of CCI4 intoxicated animals.  Administration of C. sativum ext. at 300 mg/kg dose resulted in disappearance of fatty deposit, ballooning degeneration and necrosis, indicating antihepatotoxic activity.  Conclusion: The results of this study have led to the conclusion that ethanolic ext. of C. sativum possesses hepatoprotective activity which may be due to the antioxidant potential of phenolic compds.
 
2) This study was designed to examine the essential oil compn., phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of the essential oils and methanol exts. from two coriander fruit samples, the first from Tunisia (Tn) and the second from Canada (Can).  The highest essential oil yield was obsd. for Can with 0.44% (wt./wt.) and 0.37% (wt./wt.) for Tn.  Forty-five compds. were identified in the essential oils and the main compd. of both samples was linalool.  The total phenol contents varied between two coriander fruit samples; Can sample presented high polyphenol contents (15.16 mg GAE/g) compared with Tn one (12.10 mg GAE/g).  Significant differences were also found in total tannin contents among representing 0.7 mg GAE/g in Can and 0.34 mg GAE/g in Tn.  The highest contents of total flavonoids were obsd. in Can sample with 13.2 mg CE/g.  Antioxidants of essential oils and methanolic exts. of these fruit samples were evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging, b-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching and reducing power activity assays.  In all tests, methanolic exts. of coriander fruits showed better antioxidant activity than essential oils.  DPPH scavenging ability of methanolic exts. of two fruits was higher than that of synthetic antioxidant BHT (IC50 = 25 mg/mL).  Both exts. and essential oils had lower b-carotene bleaching activity than BHA and BHT and had lower reducing power than ascorbic acid (EC50 = 40 mg/mL).
 
3) The aim of the study was to screen the medicinal and antibacterial activities of methanol and acetone exts. of the two spices Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum L.) and Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) available in Bangladesh.  Crude ext. of the spices with methanol and acetone were screened for antibacterial activities against four Gram neg. pathogenic bacteria - Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentiriae and Salmonella typhi.  The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar well diffusion method.  Methanol ext. of fenugreek and coriander revealed an elevated antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas spp. whereas acetone ext. of spices exhibited highest activity against Escherichia coli.  Acetone ext. of Fenugreek and Coriander showed no activity against Salmonella typhi.  The results obtained in the present study suggest that the methanol ext. of Trigonella foenum Linn. and Coriandrum sativum Linn. revealed a significant scope to develop a novel broad spectrum of antibacterial herbal formulation.

Patente extraída de Chemical Abstracts= Extracted patent of the Database Chemical Abstracts

Antioxidant nutritional supplement comprising a vegetable mixt. and a fruit mixt. Lee, Jong Sim.  (NaturaLife Asia Co., Ltd., S. Korea).    U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ.  (2011),     6pp.  CODEN: USXXCO  US  20110262595  A1  20111027  Patent  written in English.    Application: US  2010-764306  20100421.  Priority: US  2010-764306  20100421.  CAN 155:561427    AN 2011:1369562    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2011 ACS on SciFinder (R))  

Disclosed is an antioxidant nutritional supplement including a vegetable mixt. and a fruit mixt. each having an antioxidant effect as indispensible ingredients.  Since the antioxidant nutritional supplement is not a drug, it may have a low price and it may not have medical side effects even if it is taken for a long period of time.  Furthermore, since the antioxidant nutritional supplement includes various nutrients with balance, it may allow a user to be provided with nutrients which may lack to modern people, without causing a difficulty in taking other nutritional supplements.

PARTE UTILIZADA= Used part: Los frutos

ACCIÓN FARMACOLÓGICA= Pharmacological action: aperitivo, carminativo, epeptico y espasmolitico

POSOLOGÍA= Posology: Dosis media diaria : 3 g de droga o la cantidad equivalente de sus preparados. Se utiliza el fruto machacado en infusión, pulverizado o en forma de otros preparados galénicos para administración oral.

COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA= Chemical composition: Los frutos del cilantro contienen hasta un 1 % de aceite esencial con coriandol o lindalol como componente mayoritario y cantidades menores de hidrocarburos monoterpenicos y otros monoterpenos oxigenados. Los frutos también contienen grasas y proteinas

ZONA GEOGRÁFICA= Geografical zone: Europa y Africa

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Toxicidad
En altas dosis puede provocar convulsiones.
Parte utilizada:
Hojas y semillas.
Propiedades:
Aperitivo, digestivo, carminativo. También tiene propiedades antineurálgicas y sudoríficas.
Indicaciones:
Se emplea con gran éxito en el tratamiento de los trastornos del estómago y de los intestinos, especialmente dolores agudos, cólicos e indigestiones. Estimula y vigoriza el sistema nervioso. Sus propiedades sudoríficas purifican la sangre de impurezas. Es indicado en el tratamiento del histerismo y consecuentes dolores de cabeza.

Uses: infantile colic, colic                                                 

Origin:  Belize, Boivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, USA.        

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In cooking, the leaves of this plant are known as cilantro, and the round seeds are called coriander. The name comes from the Greek word koris, which means “bug” or “bedbug,” supposedly because the unpleasant smell of crushed unripe seeds was reminiscent of squashed bugs. When the seeds mature and dry they develop a good flavor and are used in many cuisines, especially in Indian curries. In England, coriander is grown as a flavoring for gin. Medicinally, the seeds have been used as a diuretic, for intestinal cramps, and as an appetite and digestion enhancer. Paste made from the seeds has been used on sores in the mouth and on the skin. As yet, no bona fide medical value has been proven scientifically.

Part used::
Seeds

Origin:
Mediterranean

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Range. Southern Europe. Cultivated in Myanmar (found as seasonal cultivar throughout country).

Uses
Seed: Soaked in water together with zee-hypu (Phyllanthus emblica) in the early evening, strained the following morning and taken with rock candy to cure headaches; boiled with ginger and taken after meal to improve digestion; boiled with sugar, cooled and taken with rice washing water to treat symptoms of morning sickness in women, such as nausea, vomiting, and pain around heart; powder mixed with sugar and eaten to treat joint aches and pain. Seeds also chewed, and the liquid thus obtained swallowed to treat sore throat. Children can be given a mixture made with the liquid obtained from soaking the seeds and a small amount of sugar to treat bronchitis and asthma.
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Origin:
Cultivated chiefly in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Bihar.

Action:
Stimulant, stomachic, carminative, antispasmodic, diuretic; also hypoglycaemic andantiinflammatory.
Oil— bactericidal and larvicidal. Used in Chinaas a remedy for measles, diabetes, aerophagy and gastroenteritis.
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Origin
Mizoram, Northeast India
Parts used
Leaf
Ailments
Acne

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2) Willey, Neil; Fawcett, Kathy.  Species selection for phytoremediation of 36Cl/35C using angiosperm phylogeny and inter-taxa differences in uptake.  International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2005, vol.7, nº4, p.295-306.
 
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5) DASH, B. K.; SULTANA, S.; SULTANA, N. Antibacterial activities of methanol and acetone extracts of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Life Sciences and Medicine Research. 2011, vol., nº, p..

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11) María Stella Cáceres A.; et al./ MANUAL DE USO DE HIERBAS MEDICINALES
DEL PARAGUAY/ Fundación Celestina de Pérez Almada con apoyo de Unesco Montevideo. p. 52.

12) Birla Kshetrimayum/ Medicinal Plants and Its Therapeutic Uses/ USA: OMICS Group eBooks, 2017. p. 26