DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA Y MEJORAMIENTO DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants and improvement of medicinal herbs:

The pepper (Capsicum annuum) disease resistance gene Bs3 mediates recognition of avrBs3-expressing strains of the bacterial spot pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.  We established the co-dominant DNA marker PR-Bs3 that detects a functional nucleotide polymorphism in the Bs3 promoter.  Anal. of 20 F2 segregants demonstrated complete linkage between PR-Bs3 and Bs3 resistance.  Furthermore the anal. of 17 Capsicum accessions from diverse geog. origins demonstrated that PR-Bs3 was diagnostic for Bs3 resistance in all cases.  Given that marker PR-Bs3 allows the identification of Bs3 resistant lines in a co-dominant fashion it will be a valuable tool for marker assisted selection of Bs3 resistant lines in bacterial spot resistance breeding programs.

ÚLTIMOS AVANCES EN LA QUÍMICA Y ACTIVIDADES BACTERIOLÓGICAS EN LAS PLANTAS MEDICINALES= Medicinal plants, last advances on chemistry and bacteria activities on the medicinal herbs

1) We investigated the influence of red chili peppers (Capsicum annuum Lin.) on intestinal B cell-dependent immune responses.  Prodn. of two isotype Igs, Ig-A and G1 (IgA and IgG1, resp.) was measured in Peyer's patch (PP) cells after treatment with Capsicum ext., capsaicin, or carotenoids.  PP cells isolated from mice that had been orally injected with Capsicum ext. or capsaicin (Capsicum's main bioactive pungent compd.) secreted significant amts. of IgA and IgG1, irresp. of lipopolysaccharide-stimulation.  In contrast, oral injection of beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin or capsanthin (the free forms of carotenoids found in Capsicum) significantly reduced the prodn. of antibodies.  Flow cytometric anal. revealed that Capsicum and capsaicin caused a small increase in the no. of CD19+ B cells and a decrease in CD3+ T cells in PP, while carotenoids did not affect either population.  These results indicate that Capsicum ext. or capsaicin potentiated intestinal humoral immune responses via antibody secretion.

2) In this research, total phenols, flavonoids, capsaicinoids, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity (ORAC, hydroxyl radical, DPPH, and TEAC assays) of fresh and processed (pickled and chipotle canned) Jalapeno and Serrano peppers were detd.  All fresh and processed peppers contained capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihydrocapsaicin, even though the latter could be quantified only in fresh peppers.  Processed peppers contained lower amts. of phytochems. and had lower antioxidant activity, compared to fresh peppers.  Good correlations between total phenols and ascorbic acid with antioxidant activity were obsd.  Elimination of chlorophylls by silicic acid chromatog. reduced the DPPH scavenging activity of the exts., compared to crude exts., confirming the antioxidant activity of chlorophylls present in Jalapen~o and Serrano peppers.

3) Capsicum annuum suspension cell cultures were used to evaluate the effect of cyclodextrins and Me jasmonate as elicitors of defense responses.  The induced defense responses included the accumulation of sesquiterpenes and phytosterols and the activation of pathogenesis-related proteins, leading to reinforcement and modification of the cell wall architecture during elicitation and protection cells against biotic stress.  The results showed that the addn. of both cyclodextrins and Me jasmonate induced the biosynthesis of two sesquiterpenes, aromadendrene and solavetivone.  This response was clearly synergistic since the increase in the levels of these compds. was much greater in the presence of both elicitors than when they were used sep.  The biosynthesis of phytosterols was also induced in the combined treatment, as the result of an additive effect.  Likewise, the exogenous application of Me jasmonate induced the accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins.  The anal. of the extracellular proteome showed the presence of amino acid sequences homologous to PR1 and 4, NtPRp27-like proteins and class I chitinases, peroxidases and the hydrolytic enzymes LEXYL1 and 2, arabinosidases, pectinases, nectarin IV and leucine-rich repeat protein, which suggests that Me jasmonate plays a role in mediating defense-related gene product expression in C. annuum.  Apart from these Me jamonate-induced proteins, other PR proteins were found in both the control and elicited cell cultures of C. annuum.  These included class IV chitinases, beta-1,3-glucanases, thaumatin-like proteins and peroxidases, suggesting that their expression is mainly constitutive since they are involved in growth, development and defense processes.

Patente extraída del Chemical Abstracts= Patent extrated from the Database Chemical Abstracts

Pepper hybrid BS02838720.      Leij, Jurko.  (Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Inc., USA).    U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ.  (2010),     14pp.  CODEN: USXXCO  US  20100333227  A1  20101230  Patent  written in English.    Application: US  2010-790462  20100528.  Priority: US  2009-182586P  20090529.  CAN 154:60164    AN 2010:1633340    CAPLUS   (Copyright (C) 2011 ACS on SciFinder (R))   

The invention provides seed and plants of pepper hybrid BS02838720 and the parent lines thereof.  The invention thus relates to the plants, seeds and tissue cultures of pepper hybrid BS02838720 and the parent lines thereof, and to methods for producing a pepper plant produced by crossing such plants with themselves or with another pepper plant, such as a plant of another genotype.  The invention further relates to seeds and plants produced by such crossing.  The invention further relates to parts of such plants, including the fruit and gametes of such plants.

Uses: boil, slow aging.                                              

Origin: Bolivia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Ethiopia, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Madagascar, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Suriname, United States, Venezuela.         

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Fruit: Used as a remedy for serious indigestion due to alcohol onsumption. owerful stimulant; combined with quinine for ntermittent fevers. Used in a gargle to remedy outh sores. An extract     is used to treat the first appearance of hemorrhoids.
Toxicity of fruit: used as an admixture of curare

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Origin: Native to Mexico and South America, widely cultivated throughout
the world.

Pharmacological Activities: Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Antiprotozoal, Hypocholesterolaemic/ Hypolipidemic, Immunomodulatory, Antimutagenic and Pesticidal.
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Range. New World tropics. Cultivated in Myanmar.

Uses
Fruit: Used as a rubefacient and hot spice.
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Origin:
Native to the West Indies and tropical America; now cultivated throughout tropical regions of India.

Action:
Stimulant, accelerates oxygenation of cells, encourages adrenal glands to produce corticosteroids, increases gastrointestinal secretion. Carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic. Used externally for rheumatism, backache, lumbago, neuralgia, painful muscle spasm.

PARTE UTILIZADA= Used part: Fruto.

ACCIÓN FARMACOLÓGICA= Pharmacological action: Estimulante de la digestión, reducen el apetito, afecciones de garganta.

POSOLOGÍA= Posology: En caso de afecciones de garganta se aconseja una cataplasma mezclando ajíes machacados con miel de abeja.

COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA= Chemical composition: The aim of this study was to evaluate the chem. compns. and antioxidative activities of hot pepper fruits cultivated with strict management by org. and conventional agricultural practices.  The ascorbic acid content in the organically grown hot pepper (OGP) was significantly higher than that of conventionally grown hot pepper (CGP) in both green and red fruits.  The content of other bioactive compds. such as flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, quercetin) and total phenolics in OGP was typically higher than in CGP regardless of fruit color.  In addn., the ABTS+ radical-scavenging activity of OGP red fruits was significantly higher than that of CGP red fruits.  Moreover, regardless of the color of the fruits, a higher antioxidative activity was obsd. in blood plasma from rats administered the OGP fruit exts. than in blood plasma from rats administered the CGP fruit exts.  It was hypothesized that the higher antioxidant activity of the OGP fruits may have resulted from the higher antioxidant content in the OGP fruits.  These results suggest that consumption of pepper fruits may increase antioxidant activity in the blood, and OGP fruits may be more effective in increasing this antioxidant activity than CGP fruits.

ZONA GEOGRÁFICA= Geografical zone: Argentina

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Distribución
Cultivado. Amazonas, Huánuco, Loreto, San Martín.

Usos

Fruto Parasitosis intestinal: se tritura el fruto en agua, se filtra y el líquido
resultante, mezclado con agua tibia, se utiliza en lavativas por las noches.
Infecciones de la piel, heridas: se tritura el fruto seco, se coloca sobre las
heridas (no abiertas) y se cubre con una venda.
Reumatismo: se fricciona la zona adolorida con el fruto fresco

Hojas Galactógeno: masticar las hojas frescas ayuda a la producción de leche.
Abscesos: las hojas, untadas con aceite, se aplican sobre los abscesos abiertos.

Semillas Odontalgia: se coloca una semilla sobre la pieza dolorosa

Observaciones
Probar que el preparado no sea picante para aplicar en parasitosis intestinal.
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Clima:
cálido, templado y frío. Crece entre los 0 y los 2.400 metros sobre el nivel del mar
Partes utilizadas:
frutos.
USOS MEDICINALES
Internos:
El consumo frecuente de ají es de gran utilidad para tratar enfermedades respiratorias asociadas a la humedad, el frío o la contaminación ambiental.
Externos:
Sirve como antiinflamatorio en dolores reumáticos (en huesos y articulaciones), y alivia los espasmos y dolores musculares.
PRECAUCIONES
Puede producir irritación en la piel cuando se manipula. Después de tocar el ají se debe tener cuidado de no llevar las manos a los ojos porque pueden irritarse.

1) CONSELL, Danilo M. Enciclopedia de plantas que curan. Buenos Aires: Ediliba, 1987. 2 volúmenes.

2) KIM, Gwi-Deok, et al Comparison of the content of bioactive substances and the inhibitory effects against rat plasma oxidation of conventional and organic hot peppers (Capsicum annuum L.).  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2010, Vol.58, nº23, p.12300-12306.
 
3) ROEMER, P.; JORDAN, T.; LAHAYE, T. Identification and application of a DNA-based marker that is diagnostic for the pepper (Capsicum annuum) bacterial spot resistance gene Bs3. Plant Breeding. 2010, Vol.129, nº6, p.737-740.
 
4) YAMAGUCHI, Masaya, et al. Capsicum extract and its constituents modulated the production of immunoglobulins in Peyer's patch cells ex vivo.  Journal of Functional Foods. 2010, Vol.2, nº4, p.255-262.
 
5) ALVAREZ-PARRILLA, Emilio, et al. Antioxidant Activity of Fresh and Processed Jalapeno and Serrano Peppers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry  (2011),  59(1),  163-173.       
 
6) Sabater-Jara, Ana Belen, et al. Induction of sesquiterpenes, phytoesterols and extracellular pathogenesis-related proteins in elicited cell cultures of Capsicum annuum. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2010, Vol.167, nº15, p.1273-1281.

7) ALONSO, Jorge R. Tratado de fitomedicina : bases clínicas y farmacológicas. Buenos Aires : ISIS, 1998, p. 365.

8) Geraldini , Isanete, Journal of Ethnopharmacology v. 173, 2015 . -- p. 383-423

9) Robertt, A., et al.. Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Suriname, French Guyana)/Smithsonian NMNH. cited online: 17-08-2017

10) A guide to medicinal plants / Hwee Ling, Koh; Tung Kian, Chua; Chay Hoon, Tan. Singapore:  World vScientific Public Co. Pte. Ltd., 2009. p 289 p.

11) Mejía, Kember; Rengifo, Eisa /Plantas medicinales de uso popular en la Amazonía Peruana.-- Lima : Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional, 2000. -- p. 286

12) DeFilipps, Robert A.; Krupnick, Gary A. / PhytoKeys, v. 102. - - p. 1 - 314,  2018.

13) Khare, C.P./ Indian Medicinal Plants. -- Nueva Dheli: Springer, 2007 . - p. 836.

14) Fundación secretos para contar/ Los secretos de las plantas: 50 plantas medicinales en su huerta. - Medellin: Colombia, 2014. - p. 16.